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Sambal or Sambali is a
Sambalic language The Sambalic languages are a part of the Central Luzon language family spoken by the Sambals, an ethnolinguistic group on the western coastal areas of Central Luzon and the Zambales mountain ranges. Demographics The largest Sambalic languages a ...
spoken primarily in the
Zambal The Sambal people are a Filipino ethnolinguistic group living primarily in the province of Zambales and the Pangasinense municipalities of Bolinao and Anda. The term may also refer to the general inhabitants of Zambales. In 1950s, hundreds of ...
municipalities A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality'' may also mean the go ...
of Santa Cruz, Candelaria,
Masinloc Masinloc, officially the Municipality of Masinloc ( tl, Bayan ng Masinloc), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Zambales, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 54,529 people. Scarborough Shoal (under the nam ...
,
Palauig Palauig, officially the Municipality of Palauig ( tl, Bayan ng Palauig), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Zambales, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 39,784 people. The municipality of Palauig is the ...
, and Iba, and in the Pangasinense municipality of
Infanta ''Infante'' (, ; f. ''infanta''), also anglicised as Infant or translated as Prince, is the title and rank given in the Iberian kingdoms of Spain (including the predecessor kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, Navarre, and León) and Portugal to th ...
in the
Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...
; speakers can also be found in
Panitian Quezon, officially the Municipality of Quezon ( tgl, Bayan ng Quezon), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 65,283 people. It is home to the Tabon Caves where ...
,
Quezon, Palawan Quezon, officially the Municipality of Quezon ( tgl, Bayan ng Quezon), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 65,283 people. It is home to the Tabon Caves where ...
and Barangay Mandaragat or Buncag of
Puerto Princesa Puerto Princesa, officially the City of Puerto Princesa (Cuyonon: ''Siyudad i'ang Puerto Princesa''; fil, Lungsod ng Puerto Princesa), is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the Mimaropa region of the Philippines. According to the 2020 census, ...
. The speakers of the language are decreasing due to the fact that many of the speakers are shifting to Tagalog. The first European-produced reference grammar of any indigenous language of the Philippines was that of Zambal, published ''circa'' 1601.


Dialects

Ethnologue ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World'' (stylized as ''Ethnoloɠue'') is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world. It is the world's most comprehensiv ...
reports Santa Cruz, Masinloc and Iba as dialects of the language.


Name

The language is occasionally referred to as ''zambal'', which is the hispanized form of ''Sambal''. Sambal had also for a time been referred to as ''Tina'', a term still encountered in older sources. The term, however, which means 'bleached' in the Botolan variety of the language, is considered offensive. The
pejorative A pejorative or slur is a word or grammatical form expressing a negative or a disrespectful connotation, a low opinion, or a lack of respect toward someone or something. It is also used to express criticism, hostility, or disregard. Sometimes, a ...
term was first used in the late 1970s by researchers from the
Summer Institute of Linguistics SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics) is an evangelical Christian non-profit organization whose main purpose is to study, develop and document languages, especially those that are lesser-known, in order to ex ...
(now SIL International). Sambals would not normally recognize the reference.


Phonology

Sambali has 19
phoneme In phonology and linguistics, a phoneme () is a unit of sound that can distinguish one word from another in a particular language. For example, in most dialects of English, with the notable exception of the West Midlands and the north-west o ...
s: 16
consonant In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are and pronounced with the lips; and pronounced with the front of the tongue; and pronounced wit ...
s and three
vowel A vowel is a syllabic speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract. Vowels are one of the two principal classes of speech sounds, the other being the consonant. Vowels vary in quality, in loudness and also in quantity (leng ...
s. Syllable structure is relatively simple.


Vowels

Sambali has three vowels. They are: */a/ an
open front unrounded vowel The open front unrounded vowel, or low front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. It is one of the eight primary cardinal vowels, not directly intended to correspond to a vowel sound of a specific language b ...
similar to
English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ide ...
'father' */i/ a
close front unrounded vowel The close front unrounded vowel, or high front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound that occurs in most spoken languages, represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet by the symbol i. It is similar to the vowel sound in the English wo ...
similar to English 'machine' */u/ (written as ‘o’) a
close back unrounded vowel The close back unrounded vowel, or high back unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Typographically, it is a turned letter ; gi ...
similar to English 'flute' There are five main
diphthong A diphthong ( ; , ), also known as a gliding vowel, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable. Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: that is, the tongue (and/or other parts of the speech o ...
s: , , , /ij/, and .


Consonants

Below is a chart of Sambal consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The
velar nasal The voiced velar nasal, also known as agma, from the Greek word for 'fragment', is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is the sound of ''ng'' in English ''sing'' as well as ''n'' before velar consonants as in ''Englis ...
occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word. Note: Consonants and sometimes interchange, as they were once allophones. ''Dy'' is pronounced , ''ny'' , ''sy'' , and ''ty'' .


Stress

Stress is phonemic in Sambal. Word stress is very important; it differentiates
homonyms In linguistics, homonyms are words which are homographs (words that share the same spelling, regardless of pronunciation), or homophones ( equivocal words, that share the same pronunciation, regardless of spelling), or both. Using this definition ...
, e.g. ('I') and ('elbow').


Historical sound changes

Many words pronounced with and in Cebuano and Tagalog are pronounced with and , respectively, in their cognates in Sambal. Compare and with the Tagalog and .


Grammar


Nouns


Zambal pronouns


Common singular pronouns

* ang, 'yung (iyong) – yay hikon-mong, ya-rin hikon-moy * ng, n'ung (niyong) – nin kon-moyo * Sa – ha * Nasa – Ison ha ('near'), Itaw ha ('far')


Common plural pronouns

* ang mgá, 'yung mgá (iyong mgá) – yay + first letter of plural word + ''aw'' * (e.g. yay bawbabayi – ang mga babae; yay lawlalaki – ang mga lalaki) * ng mgá, n'ung mgá (niyong mgá) – nin yay + first letter of plural word + ''aw'' * (e.g. nin bawbabayi – ng mga babae, nin lawlalaki – ng mga lalaki) * sa mgá – ha first letter of plural word + ''aw'' (e.g. habawbabayi – sa mga babae, halawlalaki – sa mga ki) * Nasa mga – Iti, ison, itaw + pronoun


Personal singular pronouns

* Si – hi * Ni – Ni * Kay – Kun ni * Na kay – hikun


Personal plural

* Sina – Hila * Nina – ni * Kina – Kun li * Nakina – Hikunla Note: In a general conversation, ''hi'' is usually omitted or contracted from the pronoun: e.g. Hikunla tana hiya rin (sa kanila na lang iyan) is simply ‘kunla tana ‘ya-rin or even shorter, as ‘kunlay na rin. Example: 'The man arrived.' Dumating ang lalaki: # Nakalato hiyay lalaki or nakalato ‘yay lalaki or ‘yay tawo. # Linu-mato hiyay lalaki; or # Lin’mato ‘yay lalaki or ‘yay tawo. * Yay (referring to object) * Hiyay (singular person) * Hikamon (plural second person) * Hilay (plural third person) Nakita ni Juan si Maria – Na-kit ni Juan hi Maria. 'John saw Mary.' Note that in Philippine languages, even the names of people require an article.


Plural nominal article

'Helen and Robert will go to Miguel's house.' * Pupunta sina Elena at Roberto sa bahay ni Miguel. * Maku hila Elena tan Roberto ha bali ni Miguel. * Pupunta ako – maku-ko * Papunta – ma-mako * Punta – mako * Pumupunta – ampako * Pupuntahan – ampaku-tawan\makuku-son 'Father has the keys.' * Nasaan ang mga aklat? * Ayti yay lawlibro? * Na kay Tatay ang mga susi. * Hikun niTatay yay sawsusi or ‘Kunni Tatay yay sawsusi 'That baby is healthy.' * Malusog ang sanggol. * Maganda yay lalaman nya-nin makating/makalog.


Pronouns

Personal pronouns are categorized by case. The indirect forms also function as the genitive. Examples: 'I wrote.' :Sulat is hulat (Masinloc) or sulat (Sta. Cruz) :Sumulat ako. Humulat ko or Sumulat ko. :Sinulatan ako ng liham. Hinulatan nya hiko or hinulatan nya’ ko. :'He/She wrote me a letter.' Hinomulat ya ‘kunko, nanulat ya kunko, or hinulatan mya ko. :Ibibigay ko sa kaniyá. Ebi ko ‘kunna (hikuna). :'I will give it to him/her.' Genitive pronouns follow the word they modify. Oblique pronouns can take the place of the genitive pronoun but they precede the word they modify. :Ang bahay ko. Yay bali ko. :Ang aking bahay. Yay ‘kunkon bali. :'My house.'


Interrogative words


Sample texts


Philippine national proverb

Below is a translation in Sambal of the Philippine national proverb "He who does not acknowledge his beginnings will not reach his destination," followed by the original in Tagalog. *Sambal: *Tagalog:


The Lord's Prayer


Version from Matthew


Version from Luke


Examples


Numbers

Sambal numbers are listed below.


Common expressions


See also

*
Sambal people The Sambal people are a Filipino ethnolinguistic group living primarily in the province of Zambales and the Pangasinense municipalities of Bolinao and Anda. The term may also refer to the general inhabitants of Zambales. In 1950s, hundreds of ...
*
Zambales Zambales, officially the Province of Zambales ( fil, Lalawigan ng Zambales; ilo, Probinsia ti Zambales; Pangasinan: ''Luyag/Probinsia na Zambales''; xsb, Probinsya nin Zambales), is a province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon re ...
*
Languages of the Philippines There are some 120 to 187 languages spoken in the Philippines, depending on the method of classification. Almost all are Malayo-Polynesian languages native to the archipelago. A number of Spanish-influenced creole varieties generally called C ...


References


External links


Zambal-language resources at the SIL
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sambal Languages of Zambales Sambalic languages